PATRICIA BENNER

ABOUT THE THEORIST

Dr. Benner is the Chief Faculty Development Officer for EducatingNurses.com. She is a noted nursing educator and author of From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Nursing Practice. 
Dr. Benner was the Director of this Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching National Nursing Education Study, which is the first such study in 40 years. She additionally collaborated with the Carnegie Preparation for the Professions studies of Clergy, Engineering, Law and Medicine. Dr. Benner is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. She was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Nursing. Her work has influence beyond nursing in the areas of clinical practice and clinical ethics. She is the first author of Expertise in Nursing Practice: Caring, Ethics and Clinical Judgment with Christine Tanner and Catherine Chesla, and has co-authored 12 other notable books including a March, 2011 Second Edition of Clinical Wisdom and Interventions in Acute and Critical Care: A Thinking-in-Action Approach with Pat Hooper Kyriakidis and Daphne Stannard.

META PARADIGM

nursing
Patricia Benner described nursing as an "enabling condition of connection and concern" which shows a high level of emotional involvement in the nurse-client relationship. She viewed nursing practice as the care and study of the lived experience of health, illness, and disease and the relationship among these three elements.

personBenner stated that a self-interpreting being, that is, the person does not come into the world predefined but gets defined in the course of living a life. A person also has.... an effortless and non-reflective understanding of the self in the world. The person is viewed as a participant in common meaning. Benner believed that there are significant aspects that make up a person. She had conceptualized the major aspects of understanding that the person must deal as:
  1. The role of the situation
  2. The role of the body
  3. The role of the personal concerns
  4. The role of temporarility 
Health
She focused on "the lived experience of being healthy and ill." She defined health as what can be assessed, while well-being is the human experience of health or wholeness. Well-being and being ill are recognized as different ways of being in the world.Health is described as not just the absence of diseases and illness.

Environment
Benner used the term "situation" because it suggests a social environment with social definition and meaning.She used the phenomenological terms of being situated and situated meaning which are defined by the person's engaged interaction,interpretation an understanding of the situation.

MODEL OF THE THEORY
LEVELS OF NURSING EXPERIENCE
She described 5 levels of nursing experience as;
    1. Novice
    2. Advanced beginner
    3. Competent
    4. Proficient
    5. Expert
Novice
  • Beginner with no experience
  • Taught general rules to help perform tasks
  • Rules are: context-free, independent of specific cases, and applied universally
  • Rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible
  • Ex. “Tell me what I need to do and I’ll do it.”
Advanced Beginner
  • Demonstrates acceptable performance
  • Has gained prior experience in actual situations to recognize recurring meaningful components
  • Principles, based on experiences, begin to be formulated to guide actions
 Competent
  • Typically a nurse with 2-3 years experience on the job in the same area or in similar day-to-day situations
  • More aware of long-term goals
  • Gains perspective from planning own actions based on conscious, abstract, and analytical thinking and helps to achieve greater efficiency and organization
Proficient
  • Perceives and understands  situations as whole parts
  • More holistic understanding  improves decision-making
  • Learns from experiences what to expect in certain situations  and how to modify plans
Expert
  • No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions
  • Much more background of experience
  • Has intuitive grasp of clinical situations
  • Performance is now fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient
Assumptions
  1. The theory is derived from practice
  2. Human wisdom is more rational than calculation
  3. Theory frames issues and guide in where to look and what to ask
  4. Practice is a systematic whole with a notion of excellence
  5. Caring is a basis of altrusim
  6. Caring is an essential requisite for all coping.
References
https://www.bing.com/search?pc=COSP&ptag=D072818-N9998A5AF4E3D53C&form=CONBDF&conlogo=CT3335878&q=patricia%20benner%20theory%20in%20research

http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Patricia_Benner_From_Novice_to_Expert.html

http://psbennersnsgtheory.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-underlying-assumptions.html

ntelligent Control and Automation, Vol.8 No.2, May 26, 2017
Masters, K. (2015). Nursing theories: A framework for professional practice (2nd   ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 



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